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Purges of the Communist Party in the Union ((ロシア語:"Чистка партийных рядов"), ', "cleansing of the party") were a key ritual in which periodic reviews of members of the Communist Party were conducted to get rid of the "undesirables."〔Alex Inkeles and Raymond A. Bauer. ''The Soviet Citizen. Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society''. New-York, 1968 (1st published in 1959).〕 According to Sheila Fitzpatrick, in her book ''Everyday Stalinism'', such purges were conducted especially during the cultural revolution, "bringing excitement into the workday bureaucratic routine".〔Fitzpatrick, S. ''Everyday Stalinism''. Oxford University Press. New-York, 1999. page 20. ISBN 0195050010〕 Such reviews would start with a short autobiography from the reviewed person and then interrogation of him or her by the purge commission as well as the attending audience. Although this term is mostly associated with Stalinism, the first major purge of the party ranks was performed by Bolsheviks as early as 1921. About 220,000 members were purged or left the party in 1921. The purge was justified by the necessity to get rid of the members who joined the party simply to be on the winning side. The major criteria were social origins (members of working classes were normally accepted without question) and contributions to the revolutionary cause. The first purge of the Joseph Stalin era was performed in 1929–1930 according to the resolution of the XVI Party Conference. More than 10 percent of the party members were purged. At the same time a significant number of new members, industrial workers, joined the Party. The next systematic party purge in the Soviet Union was declared in December 1932 to be performed during 1933. During this period new memberships were suspended. A joint resolution of the Party Central Committee and Central Revision Committee specified the criteria for purge and called for setting special Purge Commissions, to which every communist had to report. Also, this purge concerned members of the Central Committee, Central Revision Committee, which previously were immune to purges, because they were elected at Party Congresses. In particular, Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Ivanovich Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky had to try hard to defend themselves during this purge. At this time, of 1.9 million members, about 18 percent were purged. In itself, the term was innocent enough: within 1921–1933 in the Soviet Union, for example, some 800,000 people were purged or left the party, but suffered no worse fate. But from 1936 onwards, during the Great Purge, the term changed its meaning, because being expelled from the party came to mean almost certain arrest, imprisonment or even execution. Following Stalin's death in 1953, purges as systematic campaigns of expulsion from the party stopped, and loss of the party membership meant only loss of possible nomenklatura privileges. Many victims of the purges were eventually "rehabilitated." ==See also== * Moscow Trials * Purge of the Red Army in 1941 * Political repression in the Soviet Union 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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